Substrate

Description: Substrate refers to the material covering the bottom of the aquarium. It can be composed of various materials such as gravel, sand, or specialized substrates designed for planted tanks.

Functions: The substrate serves as a foundation for aquarium plants and beneficial bacteria. For plants, it provides anchorage and a medium for root growth. Beneficial bacteria colonize the substrate, contributing to the biological filtration process by breaking down ammonia and nitrites. Additionally, the substrate enhances the aesthetic appeal of the aquarium.

Considerations: The choice of substrate depends on the type of aquarium (e.g., freshwater, planted, or marine) and the specific needs of the aquatic life within it.